DENİZCİLİK İNGİLİZCESİ

1 .  Trawlers, whaling ships and purse seiners are in the category of …………

A)  pleasure crafts
B)  fishing vessels
C)  passenger ships
D)  naval ships
E)  excursion boats

2.  The sequence of events in a cycle within 4 stroke diesel engine is:

1-  The piston is forced down at BDC (Bottom Dead Center) exhaust valve opens
2-  The piston is at the top of its stroke, TDC (Top Dead Center), inlet valve opens, fresh        
     air is drawn
3-  Pressure is high in the gases
4-  Fuel is injected as the piston reaches TDC, to start the combustion
5-  Inlet valve opens, fresh air drawn as the piston moves down
6-  At the bottom of the stroke BDC inlet valve closes and the air in cylinder is
     compressed as the piston rises

A)  2 – 5 – 6 – 4 – 3 - 1
B)  2 – 5 – 6 – 4 – 1 - 3
C)  2 – 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 - 1
D)  5 – 2 – 4 – 6 – 3 - 1
E)  5 – 2 – 6 – 4 – 1 – 3


3.  An overspeeding diesel engine could best be stopped by:

A)  Disconnecting the battery cables from the starting motor
B)  Draining the cooling water
C)  Draining the hydraulic fluid from the governor sump
D)  Blocking the flow of cooling air to the radiator
E)  Blocking the air intake and securing the fuel supply


4.  The cylinder cover is tightened against liner with studs.
      What word can be used instead of the underlined word?

A)  removed
B)  replaced
C)  screwed
D)  slackened
E)  supported

5.  The motion of the piston in the cylinder is;

A)  rotary
B)  axial
C)  bending
D)  fluctuating
E)  reciprocating

6.  ‘The intake valve is open and exhaust valve is closed. The air is drawn into cylinder
      while the piston is moving downward’ defines;
                                           
A)  power stroke
B)  compression stroke
C)  intake stroke
D)  exhaust stroke
E)  combustion


7.  In two stroke engines, if the engine has exhaust valve(s), it is a ………………..
     scavenged engine.

A)  cross flow
B)  non-flow
C)  overflow
D)  loop
E)  uniflow


8.  Having an unstarting compressor must make you think the possibiliy of………….

A)  No charge of liquid in the system
B)  Closed solenoid valves
C)  A and B
D)  None above
E)  Having sufficient amount of air


9.  The pump type using a piston or plunger to remove the fluid;

A)  rotary vane pump
B)  gear pump
C)  reciprocating positive displacement pump
D)  screw pump
E)  centrifugal pump


10.  To remove the impurities and water droplets from oil, …………………….. are used
       on board a ship.
A)  purifiers
B)  clarifiers
C)  centrifuges
D)  separators
E)  all

11.  ………………. is the control of temperature and humidity in a space together with
      the circulation, filtering and refreshing of the air.

A)  Refrigeration
B)  Air conditioning
C)  Ventilation
D)  Cooling
E)  Circulating
12.  While making your rounds, you notice the main lube oil temperature is higher than
       normal. To remedy this situation, you should:

A)  Speed up the main lube oil pump
B)  Open the lube oil cooler seawater inlet valve wider
C)  Throttle in on the lube oil cooler seawater discharge valve
D)  Close the lube oil cooler seawater discharge valve wider
E)  Open the lube oil cooler seawater discharge valve wider


13.  ..... the fire pumps are at work.
       What word can be used instead of underlined part ?

A)  inoperable
B)  operable
C)  in operation
D)  arranged
E)  out of order


14.  Oily water separators are used to separate oil from bilge water …….. the bilge
       water is pumped ……….

A)  after / overboard
B)  before / overboard
C)  before / inboard
D)  after / out
E)  when / aboard


15.  On most diesel engines, the governor controls the speed by:

A)  Contolling the amount of fuel injected into the cylinders
B)  Varying the speed of the turbocharger
C)  Adjusting the compression ratio
D)  Changing the timing of the fuel injection camshaft
E)  Changing the timing of the exhaust valves

16.  What word is not related to cargo handling equipment ?

A)  filler
B)  derrick
C)  hoisting
D)  jib
E)  crane


17.  Any electric motor can be constructed to be ……………….. proof.

A)  Short
B)  Ground
C)  Explosion
D)  Overload
E)  A and B
18. In the incident of oil fire …………………………
             
A) Get water on deck
B) Open steam or CO² smothering system to cargo holds
C) Close off all ventilation, blowers, doors etc.
D) Open CO²smothering system to cargo holds
E) All above


19. Which one is not treated on board ?

A) sewage
B) feed water
C) fresh water
D) lube oil
E) balast water


20. When the separated oil is burnt by an ………….., the application is recorded in Oil
Record Book.
             
A)  oily water separator
B)  ejector
C)  incinerator
D)  chlorinator
E)  aeration chamber


21.  The removal of contaminating impurities from lubricating oil will …………….

A)  Increase engine wear
B)  Decrease engine wear
C)  Increase possible breakdowns
D)  Decrease possible breakdowns
E)  B and D


22.  If one cylinder was getting more fuel than others the effect will be ……………

A)  That cylinder’s being overloaded
B)  The exhaust valve’s being overheated
C)  Average compression
D)  Incomplete combustion
E)  Complete combustion


23.  A propulsion diesel engine is normally shut down by …………………….
   
A)  Shutting off the air supply
B)  Overspeeding the engine
C)  Securing the fuel supply
D)  Securing the ignition system
E)  All above

24.  Sediment collects in a tubular purifier:
 
A)  On top cover
B)  In drain line
C)  On sides of bowl
D)  On the discs
E)  None of above


25.  “Water hammer” is caused by:

A)  Hitting water pipe with hammer
B)  Too much water in pipe line system
C)  Water in steam lines
D)  Steam in water lines
E)  Few amount of water in pipe line system


26.  The valve which is always partially open when the evaporator is in operation is the:

A)  Vapor valve
B)  Continuous blowdown valve
C)  Bottom blowdown valve
D)  Surface blowdown valve
E)  Fresh water valve


27.  What kind of bolts would you use on a saltwater line ?

A)  Cold rolled
B)  Brass
C)  Cast iron
D)  Plastic
E)  All of the above


28.  Studs and nuts intended for use in main steam line flanges and fittings are marked
      with an “H” or a “T” to show they are :
     
A)  Heat resistant
B)  Hard finished
C)  Half threaded
D)  Corrosion resistant
E)  Fire proof


29.  An advantage of aluminum pistons compared to cast iron pistons is:

A)  Greater high temperature strength
B)  Greater weight per cubic meter
C)  Increased resistance to wear
D)  Low temperature strength
E)  Better heat conductivity

30.  What harmful consequence can result from sludge in the lube oil system of a trunk
       piston diesel engine ?

A)  Clogged oil pump suction screens
B)  Increased oil temperature
C)  Stuck piston rings
D)  Any of the above
E)  None of the above


31.  The air supplied to the cylinders by a turbocharger is often reduced in volume by
        a/an :

A)  Air compressor
B)  Diffuser
C)  Filter
D)  Venturi
E)  Aftercooler


32.  Insufficient refrigerant in a refrigeration plant on board a ship may result in:

A)  High discharge pressure
B)  Frosting of the crankcase
C)  High temperature of the overboard water
D)  Low suction pressure
E)  Low temperature of the sea water


33.  The thermostatic expansion valve of R-22 or R-134a refrigeration system controls
       the:
A)  Back pressure in the evaporator coils
B)  Temperature in the refrigerated space
C)  Superheat in the refrigerant leaving the evaporator
D)  Refrigerant pressure in high side
E)  Temperature in the condenser


34.  Which valve is normally closed when charging an R-22 or R-134a refrigeration
       system through the high side ?
A)  The thermal expansion valve
B)  The dehydrator inlet valve
C)  The suction line valve
D)  Both the thermal expansion valve and dehydrator inlet valve
E)  The liquid line king valve


35.  Cavitation, the forming and bursting of vapor filled cavities or bubbles will result in
        …………………………
A)  A loss of thrust
B)  Erosion of the blade surface
C)  Vibrations in the afterbody of the ship
D)  Noise
E)  All above
36.  When operating at high or low speed in the use of nozzles in a turbine, attention
      and precaution must be taken that ……………………
A)  The nozzles in use should be wide open
B)  Operation with a few nozzles as it’s economical
C)  The nozzles not in use must be tightly closed
D)  All above
E)   Only A an B


37.  ……………………….. protects the pump shafts from erosion, corrosion and wear

A)  Wearing rings
B)  Renewable sleeves
C)  A hardened metal coating
D)  Internally flooded lantern rings
E)  Lantern rings


38.  It shall be the responsibility of the…………….to prepare the boilers for inspection.

A)  Chief Engineer
B)  2nd Engineer
C)  Boatswain
D)  2nd officer
E)  Any above organization


39.  An electric heater built into the cylinder water jacket would be used to:

A)  Raise lube oil viscosity for easier starting in cold weather
B)  Increase air inlet temperature
C)  Increase compression ratio
D)  Increase jacketwater temperature for easier starting in cold weather
E)  Heating compressed air


40.  A cracked cylinder head on a diesel engine could be indicated by:

A)  Excessive lube oil consumption
B)  Water draining from the fuel leakoff valves
C)  Excessive fuel oil consumption
D)  Excessive cooling water consumption
E)  Combustion gases venting at the expansion tank


41.  “manometer” measures:(GASM tarafından iptal edilmiş)

A)  Air pressure
B)  Steam pressure
C)  Oil pressure
D)  Water pressure
E)   Oil temperature


42.  In a 2 stroke engine each revolution of the crank is completed within the angle of….
   
A)  360°
B)  180°
C)  720°
D)    90°
E)    45°

43.  When does a two stroke cycle diesel engine produce a power stroke in each cylinder:
     
A)  Once in every 2 revolutions of the crankshaft
B)  Once for every 4 stroke of the piston
C)  Once for every 2 stroke of the piston
D)  Directly after the exhaust stroke
E)  None of the above


44.  A steam turbine has curved blades. What word can be used as the opposite of the underlined word?
     
A)  straight
B)  flat
C)  sharp
D)  smooth
E)  vertical

45.  Which of the followings is not one of the qualities of the governor ?
     
A)  The main control device on the engine
B)  Controls the engine speed when the power is required to change
C)  The supplementary control device on the engine
D)  Can be adjusted automatically
E)  Made up of speed sensing arrangement and hydraulic unit


46.  Blue smoke coming from the diesel exhaust would indicate:
     
A)  Excessive fuel consumption / unburned fuel
B)  Burning of lube oil due to possible blow by
C)  Lean fuel / air mixture, too much air
D)  Less amount of fuel consumption
E)  None of the above


47.  ‘The intake valve is open and exhaust valve is closed. The air is drawn into cylinder while the piston is moving downward’defines;
     
A)  power stroke
B)  compression stroke
C)  intake stroke
D)  exhaust stroke
E)  combustion

 48.  All diesel lubricating system must:
     
A)   Have a forced feed mechanical lubricator
B)  Prevent oil fog in the crankcase to avoid crankcase explosion
C)  Provide oil for cooling the piston and cylinder wall
D)  Provide a film of oil between the piston and cylinder wall
E)  None of the above


49.  The main components of crankshaft assembly are webs, pins and journals.
       What word can be used instead of the underlined word?
     
A)  purposes
B)  sides
C)  parts
D)  types
E)  means


50.  Which of the following is highly advised to be used for washing turbo charger blower by the manifacturers ?
     
A)  Hotwater
B)  ACC9+Hot water
C)  Filter clean+hotwater
D)  Carbon remover+hot water
E)  Descalex liquid+hot water

51.  …………………. leads excessive lost motion in the valve mechanism of a duplex pump.
     
A)  The pump to short stroke continously
B)  The pistons to stop in mid stroke
C)  The pump to operate sluggishly
D)  The cushioning valves to wear
E)  A and B


52.  Which of the following indicates pump’s function instead of its structure?
     
A)  bilge pump
B)  centrifugal pump
C)  positive displacement pump
D)  gear pump
E)  reciprocating pump


53.  To produce steam on board a ship, ……………..are mostly used
     
A)  steam turbines
B)  purifiers
C)  boilers
D)  clarifiers
E)  evaporators
54.  Why do you add cornstarch to an evaporator ?
     
A)  To cut down on priming and scale
B)  To make the water taste better
C)  To prevent high temperatures
D)  To increase the rate of vaporization
E)  To reduce the temperature of fresh water


55.  When purging a refrigeration system, the compressor is …………………..

A)  Running
B)  Running with the bypass open
C)  Shut down
D)  Running with the bypass closed
E)   Running stedily


56.  What word has a positive meaning ?

A)  abrasion
B)  corrosion
C)  contaminate
D)  overpressure
E)   overhaul


57.  Low head pressure can be caused by ………..

A)  Too much condensing water
B)  Too cold condensing water
C)   Leaky discharge valves
D)  Insufficient change of refrigerant
E)  Any of the above


58.  If the quantity of oil and particles in separated oily water is ……15ppm, it can be drained overboard.

A)  below
B)   over
C)  at
               D)  above
E)   up


59.  When the separated oil is burnt by an…………….., the application is recorded in Oil Record Book.

A)  oily water separator
B)  ejector
C)  incinerator
D)  chlorinator
E)   aeration chamber
60.  ……… the fire pumps are at work.
       What word can be used instead of underlined part ?

A)  inoperable
B)  operable
C)  in operation
D)  arranged
E)   out of order


61.  ………… is the first signal of lube – oil trouble.

A)  Lube oil gravity tank low level alarm goes off
B)  Low lube oil sump level
C)  Low outlet temperature from lube oil coolers
D)  No flow throught bull’s eye from gravity tank observed
E)   A and B


62.  The TEV (thermostatic expansion valve) is located between:

A)  The receiver and the king valve
B)  The king valve and solenoid
C)  Both A and B
D)  The solenoid valve and evaporator
E)   The charging valve and solenoid
63.  The low pressure side of a refrigeration system is from the:

A)  Expansion valve to compressor
B)  Compressor to expansion valve
C)  Expansion valve to the evaporator
D)  Condenser to the expansion valve
E)   None of the above


64.  The bulb for the TEV (thermostatic expansion valve) is located:

A)  In the middle of the evaporator coils
B)  Near the evaporator coil outlet
C)  Near the evaporator coil inlet
D)  On the bottom row of the evaporator
E)  None of the above


65.  What is the advantage of using a hydraulic starting system for an emergency diesel?

A)  The system is inexpensive
B)  High pressure lines are not required
C)  It is compact
D)  Faster cranking speeds are obtained
E)  None of the above



66.  Worn bearings, rings, and valves all contribute to:

A)  Poor reversal
B)  Quiet operation
C)  Hard starting
D)  High pressure
E)   None of the above


67.  What would cause white smoke after you just started the diesel?

A)  Too week battery power
B)  Water in the fuel
C)  Water in the gas
D)  Water in the oil
E)   Salt water in cooling water


68.  The turbocharger of an auxilliary diesel engine is most effected by:

A)  Air inlet manifold pressure
B)  Engine speed
C)  Exhaust temperature
D)  Engine load
E)  None of the above


69.  The coils in the evaporator are attached to the heater by:

A)  Pipe nipples
B)  Union type fittings
C)  Welding
D)  Bolted flanges
E)  Both C and D


70.  Cylinder liners are generally used on diesel engines because:

A)  Liners may be easily replaced after the cylinder walls show wear
B)  Liners provide a more efficient cooling system
C)  Rubbing speeds are reduced through the use of liners
D)  Liners provide a better lubricating surface
E)  None of the above


71.  An over speeding diesel engine could best be stopped by:

A)  Disconnecting the battery cables from the starting motor
B)  Blocking the air intake and securing the fuel supply
C) draining the hydraulic fluid from the governor sump
D)  Blocking the flow of cooling air to the radiator
E)  Both C and D


72.  The valve which is always partially open when the evaporator is in operation is the:

A)  Vapor valve
B)  Continuous blowdown valve
C)  Bottom blowdown valve
D)  Surface blowdown valve
E)  Bottom blowup valve


73.  The dehydrator on a refrigeration plant is used to:

A)  Add moisture to the system
B)  Remove moisture from the system
C)  Remove air from the system
D)  Remove oil from the system
E)  Both C and D


74.  As freon leaves the expansion valve:

A)  Pressure decreases – volume increases
B)  Volume decreases- pressure increases
C)  Volume increases – pressure increases
D)  Pressure increases – volume decreases
E)  None of the above


75.  Regardless of the geographical location of on oil spill, you should notify the………

A)  Local police department
B)  Local fire department
C)  Corps of Engineers
D)  Coast Guard
E)  The pilot


  76.  The oil level in the compressor should be checked:

A)  While the compressor is in operation
B)  Just before starting the compressor
C)  After a long period of operation
D)  For both B and C
E)  None of the above


77.  In a diesel engine closed cooling system, the flow of fresh water through the fresh water and lube oil coolers is controlled by the:

A)  Speed of the engine
B)  Speed of the pump impeller
C)  Automatic temperature regulator
D)  Suction pressure regulator
E)  Governor

78.  What type of gauge reads pressure and vacuum ?

A)  Duplex
B)  Simplex
C)  Both B and C
D)  Compound
E)   Bourdon tube



79.  Minor freon leaks can be detected by the use of a device called:

A)  A freon visible leak detector
B)  A freon audible leak detector
C)  The blue oven flame detector
D)  Halide torch
E)  None of the above


80.  Most gauges in the fire room are:

A)  Manometers
B)  Thermocouples
C)  Dual purpose
D)  Thermometers
E)  Bourdon tube – type


81.  The usual cause of crankcase explosions in diesel engines is not …………………

A)  Heating lubricating oil
B)  Overheating lubricating oil
C)  Poor condition of the cylinder
D)  Crank shaft bearing failures maintanance
E)  Any above


82.  ……………. is not one of the advantages of the open cooling system.

A)  Being the simplest system
B)  No requirement of heat exchange
C)  Obligation of keeping engine cool
D)  The requirement of only one water circulating pump
E)  The requirement of 2 water circulating pumps


83.  Another name for the liquid valve is:

A)  Master valve
B)  King valve
C)  Freon valve
D)  Shut off valve
E)  None of above


84.  What is the high pressure side of the refrigeration system?

A)  Compressor to condenser
B)  Evaporator to compressor
C)  Expansion valve to evaporator
D)  Compressor to expansion valve
E)  Evaporator


85.  The solenoid valve can be typed as a:

A)  Thermal valve
B)  Magnetic stop valve
C)  Bellows valve
D)  Bimetallic valve
E)  Both C and D


86.  Pre-combustion chambers in a diesel engine:

A)  Require that each cylinder use two spray nozzles
B)  Require the use of flat crowned pistons to obtain turbulence
C)  Permit the use of a wide range of fuel in that engine
D)  Contain all of the air charge at the end of the compression stroke
E)  Require that each cylinder use more than four spray nozzles


87.  ………….. is the principal hazard to staff when a diesel nozzle tester is in use is

A)  Electrical shock
B)  Toxic fumes
C)  Explosion
D)  Blood poisoning
E)  Loosing consciousness


88.  A “pneumercator” measures:

A)  Oil pressure
B)  Air level
C)  Liquid level
D)  Air pressure
E)  Air temperature

89.  The solenoid valve can be typed as a:

A)  Thermal valve
B)  Magnetic stop valve
C)  Bellows valve
D)  Bimetallic valve
E)  Both C and D




90.  What would cause white smoke after you have just started the diesel ?

A)  Too week battery power
B)  Water in the fuel
C)  Water in the gas
D)  Water in the oil
E)   Salt water in cooling water


91.  …………………. is the principal hazard to staff when a diesel nozzle tester is in use is

A)  Electrical shock
B)  Toxic fumes
C)  Explosion
D)  Blood poisoning
E)   Loosing consciousness


92.  If one fuel oil strainer of a duplex unit becomes clogged while your vessel is steaming at sea, you should first:

A)  Clean the dirty strainer as quickly as possible
B)  Change the strainer over to the clean side
C)  Stop the fuel oil service pump
D)  Open the strainer bypass valve
E)   Stop the engine


93.  Scavenging means …………………….. on an internal combustion engines.

A)  The removal of exhaust gases by blowing in fresh air
B)  The filling of the engine cylinder with a supply or change of fresh air
C)  The formation of exhaust gases within the cylinder
D)  The removal of exhaust gases
E)   Any above

94.  What is the flexible coupling used for ?

A)  Small amount of misalignment
B)  Take up for vibration in the shaft
C)  to allow for expansion
D)  Connects between the bull gear and the tail shaft
E)   To allow for streching

 95.  Fuel is ignited in the cylinder of an operating diesel engine by:

A)  The heat of compression within the cylinder
B)  A spark plug in the pre-combustion chamber
C)  An electrical discharge from the distributor
D)  Heat from the fuel injection nozzle
E)   With a simple spark plug

96.  What types of lubricating oil systems are used on diesel engines?

A)  Forced feed and gravity
B)  Forced feed and splash
C)  Both A and B
D)  Gravity and wick
E)   Wet sump and dry sump


97.  Before starting an auxiliary diesel engine, you should:

A)  Change fuel oil strainers
B)  Clean the air filter
C)  Check the crankcase oil level
D)  Vent the cooling system
E)   Clean flywhell


98.  A propeller turning clockwise when viewed from aft is considered right handed and most single screw ships have …………….. propellers. A twin screw ship usually has a ……………. ……………….. propeller and a ………….  …………….. propeller.
A)  Right handed/right handed starboard/left handed port
B)  Right handed/right handed port/left handed starboard
C)  Left handed/right handed starboard/left handed port
D)  Left handed/right handed port/left handed starboard
E)   Right handed/left handed starboard/right handed port


99.  If a bilge pump failed to build up discharge pressure, you should check for:

A)  Excessive water in the bilges
B)  A clogged suction strainer
C)  Oil in the bilges
D)  A closed skin valve
E)   None of the above

100. Fire tube boilers are designed to operate within the conditions of:

A)  High pressure, temperature
B)  Low pressure, temperature
C)  High capacity and quick steam raising process
D)  Low capacity but quick steam raising process
E)   High capacity but they are heavy


101.  By definition a separator: 1. removes solids from the lube oil; 11. removes water from the lube oil.

A)  1
B)  11
C)  1 and 11
D)  Neither 1 nor 11
E)   Any of above


102.  How are line shaft bearings usually lubricated ?

A)  A gravity-feed
B)  Pressure-feed
C)  Oil lubricating disks
D)  Oil lubricating rings
E)   Oil injectors


103.  Which of the following types of valves is used in the bilge manifold?

A)  Swing check
B)  Non-return
C)  Angle
D)  Globe
E)   Butterfly


104.  The function of the exhaust system for a turbocharged diesel engine is to …………

A)  Power the aftercoolers
B)  Power the turbocharger
C)  Reduce the cylinder scavenge effect
D)  Cool the turbocharger
E)   Any above


105.  Before ballasting by gravity ……………………..

A)  Pump in balast for about 10 minutes to wash out bottom lines
B)  Start pump before opening sea valves
C)  Make sure all proper valves are open
D)  All of above
E)   A and B

106.  A fire sprinkling system must be fitted ……………………….
A)  On all vessels over 5.000 GT
B)  In conjunction with the CO2 system                                  
C)  With a pressure tank of fresh water to the supply system pending the starting of the
      pump
D)  None of the above
E)   A and C


107.  The process of supplying the intake of a diesel engine with air at a pressure greater than atmospheric is called:

A)  Engine displacement
B)  Scavenging
C)  Air injection
D)  Supercharging
E)   Intercooling

108.  In the simple mechanical governor, the:

A)  Flyweight centrifugal force is balanced by spring pressure
B)  Centrifugal force rotates the ball head
C)  Flyweight centrifugal force is balanced by hydraulic pres sure
D)  Speeder spring actuates the fuel control rod
E)   Hydraulic force rotates the ball head

109.  In the incident of oil fire ………………………………

A)  Get water on deck
B)  Open steam or CO2 smothering system to cargo holds
C)  Close off all ventilation, blowers, doors etc.
D)  Open CO2 smothering system to cargo holds
E)   All above


110.  In accordance with the international requirements, the bilge purifier will separete oily water within the density of ……..

A)  < 15 particular per million
B)  < 15 particular post million
C)  < 15 particular per meter
D)  <ַ 15 particular per meter
E)   <  15 particular per billion


111.  The requirement for portable fire equipment is ………………………

A)  Annual check
B)  Keeping in easily accessible places
C)  Hose connections and keeping hoses in good condition
D)  All above
E)   Before the end of consuming period


112.  Cut out system on the aux boiler operates ……………………

A)  Low level alarm
B)  Low low level alarm
C)  High level alarm
D)  High pressure alarm
E)   Low pressure alarm


113.  …………………… is the cause of burned exhaust valves

A)  Overloaded cylinder
B)  Poor combustion
C)  Distortion and faulty reseating maintenance
D)  Any above
E)   A and B


114.  When a cargo hose joint or coupling starts to leak badly the attempt you should do is to…..

A)  Reduce pumping pressure and wrap leak securely
B)  Shut down transfer and make repairs
C)  Soak spill with sawdust and reduce pumping pressure
D)  Wash deck immediately and close tank tops
E)   Carry on transfer
115.  Water in the lube oil system may be detected by: 1. sounding lube oil tanks with water sensitive paste; 11. observing the purifier discharge.

A)  1
B)  11
C)  1 and 11
D)  Neither 1 nor 11
E)   None of above

116.  Electrohydraulic steering units are protected from pounding forces (rudder shock) by:

A)  Buffer springs
B)  Follow up mechanism
C)  Relief valves
D)  Relieving gear
E)   Steering pumps


117.  The rotating part of a micrometer is the:

A)  Anvil
B)  Barrel
C)  Frame
D)  Thimble
E)   Cover


118.  Trunk type diesel engine pistons are most effectively cooled when heat is:

A)  Radiated through the engine block
B)  Mixed with lubrication oil
C)  Conducted through the piston crown
D)  Transferred to escaping exhaust gases
E)   Transferred to water cooled cylinder walls


119.  When the oil in the seperator is decreasing, which place can not be leaking?

A)  Lower bearing casing
B)  Drum shaft
C)  Wormgear shaft bearing hosing
D)  Middle ball bearing casing
E)   The o-ring at shock water entrance to separator into shockwater
120.  ……………………. should be regarded as a special attention after installing a new hydraulic pump.

A)  The relief filters should be readjusted
B)  The filters and strainers should be checked frequently
C)  System pressures should be readjusted
D)  The fluid should be drained and renewed
E)   All above

121.  All details of fuel bunkering, balast handling, tank cleaning or slop disposal must be entered in the …………………………

A)  Rough log
B)  Engine room log
C)  Oil record book
D)  Smooth log
E)   A and B

122.  Performance of a turbocharged engine can be improved by:

A)  Decreasing valve over lap
B)  Preheating
C)  Aftercooling intake air
D)  Preheating light fuels
E)   Heating intake air

123.  When maneuvering, you discover heavy smoke coming from the turbocharger casing. You should:

A)  Check the air fitler for dirt
B)  Check for an exhaust leak
C)  Check the cooling water temperature
D)  Notify the bridge and ask to shut the engine down
E)   Check fuel oil consumption


124.  A device which will function to bring an engine to a full stop in order to protect it from damage due to excessively high speed is known as a/an:

A)  Torque limiter
B)  Overspeed trip
C)  Overspeed governor
D)  Load limit governor
E)   Any of above


125.  Refrigerant leakage from the compressor crankcase is prevented by ………..

A)  Using skirt type pistons
B)  Using shaftseals
C)  Using lantern rings
D)  Maintaining a vacuum in the crankcase
E)   Any above

126.  The reciprocating motion of a connecting rod is transformed into a rotary motion by the ………….

A)  Crankshaft
B)  Crankwebs
C)  Crank cheeks
D)  Crankpine
E)   Piston

127.  A pyrometer is normally used to measure:

A)  Steam pressure
B)  Water temperature
C)  Draft loss
D)  Humidity
E)   Gas temperature

128.  The successive order of 4 stroke diesel engines:

A)  Compression-suction-firing-exhaust
B)  Suction-firing-compression-exhaust
C)  Suction-compression-exhaust-firing
D)  Suction-compression-firing-exhaust
E)   Compression-air inlet-firing exhaust


129.  When the valves are operated ……………………… on a diesel engine, they are actuated by means of cams, pushrods, rocker arms and rollers.

A)  Mechanically
B)  Hydraulically
C)  Pneumatically
D)  Electrically
E)  Any above


130.  The pistonheads in the engine are manufactured concave and convex shaped in order that …………………

A)  The vessel will be faster
B)  It will control the temperature of the engine
C)  It will increase oil pressure in the engine
D)  It will increase the durability of the piston
E)   It will provide a powerful engine


131.  Lubrication oil viscosity in an operation diesel engine can be reduced by:

A)  Overloading the engine
B)  Increasing the amount of lube oil
C)  Decreasing the amount of cooling water
D)  Combustion by products contamination
E)   Fuel oil dilution


132.  All of the following are used for low temperature starting, except:
A)  Ether
B)  Jacket water heaters
C)  Both A and B
D)  Air intake heaters
E)   Cylinder compression ratio reduced


133.  The purpose of the low pressure cut out switch is to:

A)  Maintain liquid refrigerant at the suction of the compressor
B)  Maintain a preset suction pressure to the compressor
C)  Cut out the compressor at a set pressure
D)  Maintain compressor in at a preset temperature
E)   Cut conpressor in and out at a preset pressure


134.  In terms of pressure and temperature, what happens to the primary refrigerant in the compressor ?

A)  Its pressure and temperature are both lowered
B)  Its pressure and temperature are both raised
C)  Its pressure and lowered and its temperature is raised
D)  Its pressure is raised and its temperature is lowered
E)   None of the above


135.  Watertube boilers are designed to operate within the conditions of ………….

A)  High pressure, temperature, capacity
B)  Low pressure but high capacity
C)  Heavy but quick steam raising process
D)  A and C
E)   Fort he auxilliary purposes

136.  The purpose of the evaporator is to: ( BU SORU YANLIŞ-BKZ SORU 179 )

A)  Absorb latent heat of vaporization
B)  Absorb latent heat of fusion
C)  Transfer latent heat of vaporization
D)  Transfer latent heat of fusion
E)   Transfer latent heat of freezing


137.  The drains from both effects in a low pressure evaporator have their pressures equalized in the:

A)  Equalizer tank
B)  Drain tank
C)  Flash chamber
D)  Air ejector condense
E)   Fuel oil tank


138.  Prior to port arrival, a diesel alternator ……………….., turbo alternator ………… and all the full away procedure should be done ………………

A)  Will have to be started / will be shut down / in reverse order
B)  Doesnot have to be started / will have to be shut down / in reverse order
C)  Will have to be started / will have to be started / in right order
D)  Will have to be shut down / will have to be started / in reverse order
E)   Doesn’t have to be shut down / will have to be shut down / in right order
139.  When oil is heated, it becomes …………..
A)  Less viscous
B)  Emulsified
C)  More viscous
D)  Vitrified
E)   Not necessarly vitrified

140.  The instrument always used in conjunction with a salinity indicator is the:

A)  Pyrometer
B)  Thermometer
C)  Hygrometer
D)  Hydrometer
E)   Oxygen meter


141.  ………………. is hardly the cause of a smoky diesel engine exhaust.

A)  Overload
B)  Malfunctioned injector
C)  Choked exhaust pipe
D)  Inappropriate amount of fuel
E)   Appropriate amount of fuel


142.  When starting ballasting ………. valve should be opened last

A)  Seacock
B)  Punp discharge valve
C)  Deck filling valve
D)  Tank suction valve
E)   None above


143.  Fire detecting and extinguishing equipment is required on all ………………

A)  Cargo vessels                                ( REDBOOK’DA DOĞRU YANIT B VERİLMİŞ)
B)  Passenger vessels on international voyage
C)  Vessels over 150 feet in length
D)  Vessels over 450 feet in length
E)   Cruise boats




144.  The lubricant is expected to have the qualities of ……………………….

A)  Preventing metal-to metal contact
B)  Causing metal to metal contact
C)  Decrease friction
D)  Decrease friction wear
E)   All except B



145.  ………………………….. should be followed as a procedure, if it is necessary to pump bilges while a vessel is in port

A)  Pumping only if discharge is led to a shore tank or barge
B)  Pumping only during the hours of darkness
C)  Punping only on the outgoing tide
D)  Punping only as much as is necessary
E)   Pumping only the day hours


146.  …………………… should be considered as a hazard on the propeller and a thorough examination and repair will be carried out when the vessel is in dry dock.

A)  Bent blades
B)  Signs of cracks on the blade edge
C)  Deep pits and holes
D)  Edge cracks
E)   All above


147.  Considering the fuel, ignition quality is determined by …………………..

A)  Cetane number
B)  Diesel index
C)  Calculated cetane index
D)  Flash point
E)   All except D


148.  How often should the emergency diesel be run under load?

A)  Once a year
B)  Once a month
C)  Once a week
D)  At survey time only
E)   At drydock

149.  The main characteristics of a diesel engine is:

A)  internal combustion engine; the fuel is burned external of the cylinders
B)  producing high power of energy
C)  either 2 or 4 stroke, fuel is burned inside the cylinders
D)  economical in compare with the steam engines, but hard maintenance
E)   fixed sequence of events within its unique type


150.  On a diesel engine, a freshwater heat exchanger is used rather than a saltwater one to:

A)  Maintain fuel oil temperature
B)  Maintain lube oil temperature
C)  Cut down on rust and corrosion
D)  Keep the engine block from freezing in cold weather
E)   Maintain air temperature
151.  The upper section of a piston is called the:

A)  Land
B)  Skirt
C)  Crown
D)  Plate
E)   Disk


152.  The suction control switch on the compressor is a ……………………..

A)  Thermal element
B)  Thermostat
C)  Pressure element
D)  None above
E)   All of above


153.  The heat which is used to change a liquid to a gas or vapor is called latent heat of..

A)  Absorption
B)  Fusion
C)  Liquid
D)  Evaporization
E)   Fission


154.  As Freon leaves the expansion valve ……………………..

A)  Pressure increases – volume increases
B)  Pressure decreases – volume increases
C)  Pressure decreases – volume decreases
D)  Pressure increases – volume decreases
E)     Pressure increases – no change in the volume


155.  An overheated bearing in the main propulsion unit is indicated by:

A)  Bubbles in the sight glass
B)  Sludge in the strainers
C)  A high oil level in the sump
D)  Low temperature of the lube oil leaving the bearing
E)   High temperature of the lube oil leaving the bearing

156.  Emulsification of oil will ocur when mixed with:

A)  Air
B)  Water
C)  Black oil
D)  Ice cream
E)   Oxygen


157.  The liner which has no direct contact with the cooling water is what kind of a liner

A)  Wet
B)  Dry
C)  Integral
D)  None of the above
E)   Cooled with lubrication oil


158.  ………………. is the first to do when securing an AC generator.

A)  Tripping the generator circuit breaker
B)  Switching the voltage regulator to manual
C)  Decreasing the field excitation to minumum
D)  Reducing the load on the unit
E)   Increasing the load on the unit


159.  In case of burning of radio equipments on the bridge the extinguishers should be the same as the ones to be used in …………… fires, keeping in mind that the fire will turno ut mobe a ……………………. fire when starting firefighting takes long.

A)  Class E/Class A
B)  Class E/Class B
C)  Class B/Class A
D)  Class C/Class A
E)  Class C/Class E


160.  The system used for breaking scale from the evaporator coil while the evaporator is in operation is called:

A)  Recirculating
B)  Blowing down
C)  Cracking off
D)  Dumping
E)   None of above

161.  This gauge measures both inlet and outlet pressures of a strainer:

A)  A compound gauge
B)  A duplex gauge
C)  a biogauge
D)  A pressure / vacuum gauge
E)   None of the above

162.  In a 4 stroke engine 2 revolution of the crank is completed within the angle of…

A)  720°
B)  360°
C)  180°
D)    90°
E)    45°
163.  What will happen to a small diesel engine that is equipped with an “auto type” thermostat if the bellows develop a hole in it?

A)  The engine will overheat
B)  The engine will remain cold
C)  The engine will remain not start
D)  The cooling water will “by pass” the engine
E)   None of the above


164.  ……………… are the common parts within the 2 and 4 stroke diesel engines.

A)  Piston, valves, cylinder, fuel injector
B)  Crankshaft, crosshead, cylinder
C)  Turbocharger, piston, gudgeonpin, cylinder
D)  Crankshaft, connecting rod, pistons
E)   Cylinder, connecting rod, pistons


165.  If the flow of water from a centrifugal pump is stopped by closing the discharge valve with the pump running:

A)  The relief valve will open
B)  The water pressure will stabilize at shut off head
C)  The water pressure will tend to rise continuously
D)  The driver will be over loaded
E)   The water temperature will tend to decrease continuously


166.  Which factor below is not the cause of vibration and noise in turbines?

A)  Unbalance
B)  Dıstortion of casing
C)  Loose couplings
D)  Tight couplings
E)   Any above


167.  The second effect on a two pass evaporator receives its steam from:

A)  De-superheated steam
B)  Vapors from first effect
C)  Auxiliary back pressure
D)  Auxiliary forward pressure
E)   None of the above


168.  All refrigerator compressor valves are opened and closed via ………….

A)  Springs
B)  Camshaft
C)  Pressure differential
D)  A or C
E)   None above
169.  Flashlights used aboard tankers must be …………….

A)  Waterproof
B)  Of the three cell type
C)  Approved by the Board of fire underwriters
D)  All above
E)   A and C


170.  When distilling salt water the cooling-water discharge from the distiller is fed back to the evaporator as feedwater:

A)  To cut down on the amount of cooling water needed
B)  To prevent an excess amount of cooling water from being discharged to the bilges
C)  To supply hot water to the evaporator for more economical operation
D)  To supply sufficient amount of sea water
E)   None of the above


171.  A spring bearing on the line shaft is lubricated by:

A)  The lube oil gravity tank
B)  Water leak off from the stern tube
C)  An oil ring and scraper
D)  The main lube oil pump
E)  Any above


172.  Which of the following actions should you take to correct a low condensing pressure in a refrigeration system?

A)  Purge the condenser
B)  Remove refrigerant
C)  Adjust the thermostatic expansion valve
D)  Increase the compressor speed
E)  Add refrigerant


173.  Pre-ignition can be caused by ……………….. in an operating diesel engine

A)  Excessively late fuel injection
B)  Oil in the air charge
C)  Water in the fuel
D)  Injection continuing after the fuel charge is ignited
E)  None above


174.  A ball bearing will overheated if:

A)  Completely full of grease
B)  Half full of grease
C)  In us efor a long time
D)  Operated at high speed
E)  operated at medium speed
175.  One horsepower equals …..

A)  1000 watts
B)   746  watts
C)   100 watts
D)  940 watts
E)  786  watts


176.  Emergency generators are placed …………………..
 
A)  Near the machinery space
B)  above the bulkhead or freeboard deck whichever the higher
C)  Midships near the engine room casing
D)  Above the deep load line
E)  None above


177.  Which one is not identical with the characteristics of the construction of a-2-stroke diesel engines?

A)  Instead of valve holes, ports are installed
B)  A cycle is completed in 2 strokes of the piston
C)  Produce high power in compare with 4 stroke engines
D)  The maintenance is simple
E)  A cycle is completed in 2 revolution of the crankcase


178.  Which of the following is not one of the parts of D/G overhaul?

A)  Valve rotator
B)  Valve spindle
C)  Intake valve
D)  Valve seat
E)  Starting valve


179.  The purpose of an evaporator is to ….

A)  Transmit the latent heat of fusion
B)  Transmit the latent heat of evaporation
C)  Absorb the latent heat of evaporation
D)  Absorb the latent heat of fusion
E)  Any above


180.  ………………… is a process, in which the temperature of a space on whatever takes place in, is reduced below that of their surroundings.

A)  Refrigeration
B)  Air conditioning
C)  Ventilation
D)  Heating
E)  Freezing
181.  Under normal operational conditions, the rudder is hydraullically locked unless…

A)  The manual trick Wheel is engaged for steering
B)  The pupm is off stroke
C)  A normal rudder order is given by the control system
D)  An electric power failure occurs at the steering gear
E)  A and B


182.  Static electricity is most often produced by ……………………

A)  Pressure
B)  Heat
C)  Magnetism
D)  Friction
E)  Motion


183.  When vacuum is lost on a turbo generator the trip is actuated by ………

A)  Sentinel valve
B)  Back pressure
C)  Slugs of water
D)  Overspeed trip
E)  A and B


184.  Supposing a fire caused by short electric circuit within the equipments is categorized as a …………………. fire and will be extinguished vıa …………..

A)  Class A/foam
B)  Class C/chemical powder
C)  Class C/CO2
D)  Class B/foam
E)  Class A/chemical powder


185.  …………….. is used as a fire extinguisher in case of fires resulted from electrical equipment.

A)  Soda acid
B)  CO2
C)  Sand
D)  Foam
E)  C and D


186.  With a reciprocating pump, failure to deliver liquid may be caused by ……..

A)  Pump not being primed
B)  Discharge head too high
C)  liquid plunger packing worn
D)  Any of the above
E)  only A and B
187.  Which of the following isn’t a component of a water tube boiler ?

A)  burner
B)  header
C)  downcomer
D)  steam drum
E)  booster pump


188.  Any automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm system shall be capable of
immediate operation at all times and no action by the crew shall be necessary to set it in operation. Each section of sprinklers shall include means for giving a visual and audible alarm automatically whenever any sprinkler comes into operation. Sprinklers shall be grouped into separate sections, each of which shall contain not more than 200 sprinklers. Each section shall be capable of being isolated by one stop valve only. A gauge indicating the pressure in the system shall be provided at each section stop valve and a central station. The sprinklers shall be resistant to corrosion by marine atmosphere. In accommodation and service spaces the sprinklers shall come into operation within the temperature range from 68°C to 79°C. A list or plan shall be displayed at each unit and suitable instructions for testing and maintenance shall be available. Sprinklers shall be placed in an overhead position to maintain an average application rate of not less than 51/m²/min over the area covered by the sprinklers.


According to the passage, it isn’t true that;


A)  The sprinklers can be affected by marine atmosphere
B)  They will be in an overhead position to maintain the average application
C)  The pressure in the system is displayed by a pressure gauge
D)  Sprinkler system is used either fixed or mobile on board
E)  The system shall be divided into sections


189.  “The quantity of oil in separated water is controlled by a control unit”
         What sentence below has the same meaning ?

A)  Control unit controls the oil quantity and separate it
B)  The quantity of oil is separated and controlled by control unit
C)  The oil quantity in water is separated by control unit
D)  Control unit controls the oil quantity in separated water
E)  Separated water in oil is controlled by control unit
( DOĞRU YANIT D OLMASI GEREKİR )



190.  The turbocharger of an auxiliary diesel engine is most effected by:

A)  Air inlet manifold pressure
B)  Engine speed
C)  Exhaust temperature
D)  Engine load
E)  None of the above


             191. What statement isn’t true regarding service ships?
     A) Cable layers lay and repair transoceanic cables
     B) Dredgers deepen the canals, clear the muddy bottoms of waterways or ports
     C) Tugboats tow ships and assist large vessels in manoeuvring
     D) LASH ships are designed to carry refrigerated cargo
     E) Icebreakers open lanes through icy waters

             192.   What word is not related to cargo handling equipment?
     A) tiller
     B) derrick
     C) hoisting
     D) jib
     E) crane


            193. The main body of a ship is called;
     A) keel
     B) bottom
     C) deck
     D) hull
     E) beam


           194.   Fuel valve, inlet and exhaust valves are .......................by cylinder head.
    A) mounted
    B) exposed
    C) released
    D) operated
    E) housed


           195. ...........carry propane, LPG or LNG.
       A) bulk carriers
       B) heavy lift ships
       C) reefers
       D) gas carriers
       E) livestock carriers


           196. What statement is true regarding deck machinery?
       A) Deck machinery is used only for cargo handling
       B) Deck machinery can be driven by hydraulic, electric or steam force
       C) Tankers mostly use electric-driven deck machinery
       D) Navigation and the conduct of ship mostly depend on deck machinery
       E) Deck machinery is controlled from the engine room


            197. Ore, sugar, fertilizer, coal and cement  are carried by a ..............
        A) gas carrier
        B) reefer
        C) bulker
        D) tanker
        E) purse seiner

             198. The measurement of enclosed volume of a ship is defined by;
         A) load displacement
         B) displacement
         C) deadweight
         D) net tonnage
         E) tonnage


              199. The pipes and hydrants shall be so placed that the fire hoses may be easily coupled to them. Their arrangement shall be such as to avoid possibility of freezing. A valve shall be fitted to serve each fire hose so that any fire hose may be removed while the fire pumps are at work. Fire hoses shall be non-perishable material and be sufficient in length to project a jet of water to any of spaces. Each hose shall be provided with a nozzle and the couplings. In passenger ships there shall be one fire hose for each of the hydrants and these hoses shall be used only for fire extinguishing. In cargo  ships of 1000 GT and upwards the number of fire hoses shall be one for each 30 m length of the ship and one spare but in no case less than five at all. This number doesn’t include any hoses required by any engine or boiler room. Standard nozzle sizes shall be 12 mm, 16 mm and 19 mm. All nozzles shall be dual-purpose type (spray/jet type) incorporating a shut off.

         According to the passage, nozzles shall be …………………………
        A) either spray or jet type    
        B) both spray and jet type
        C) neither spray  nor jet type
        D) only jet type
        E) only spray type




















     DENİZCİLİK İNGİLİZCESİ  MAKİNE CEVAP ANAHTARI

1) B 51) C 101) B 151) C
2) A 52) A 102) D 152) C
3) E 53) C 103) B 153) D
4) C 54) A 104)     B 154) B
5) E 55) C 105) D 155) E
6) C 56) E 106) B 156) B
7) E 57) E 107)     D 157) B
8) C 58) A 108) A 158) D
9) C 59) C 109) E 159) A
10) E 60) C 110) A 160) C
11) B 61) C 111) D 161) B
12) E 62) D 112) B 162) A
13) C 63) A 113) D 163) A
14) B 64) B 114) B 164) E
15) A 65) D 115) C 165) B
16) A 66) C 116) C 166) E
17) C 67) B 117) D 167) B
18) E 68) D 118) E 168) D
19) E 69) B 119) E 169) B
20) C 70) A 120) B 170) C
21) E 71) B 121) C 171) B
22) C 72) B 122) C 172) E
23) C 73) B 123) D 173) B
24) C 74) A 124) B 174) A
25) C 75) D 125) B 175) B
26) B 76) D 126) A 176) B
27) B 77) C 127) E 177) E
28) A 78) D 128) D 178) B
29) E 79) D 129) A 179) C
30) D 80) E 130) D 180) A
31) E 81) A 131) E 181) C
32) D 82) C 132) E 182) D
33) C 83) B 133) E 183) C
34) E 84) D 134) B 184) B
35) E 85) B 135) A 185) B
36) D 86) C 136) C 186) C
37) B 87) D 137) C 187) E
38) A 88) C 138) A 188) D
39) D 89) B 139) A 189) C
40) E 90) B 140) B 190) D
41) A 91) D 141) D                     191) D
42) A 92) B 142) E 192)    A
43) C 93) A 143) C 193)    D
44) A 94) A 144) E 194)    E
45) C 95) A 145) A 195)    D
46) B 96) E 146) E 196)    B
47) C 97) C 147) E 197)    C
48) D 98) A 148)     B                    198)    E
49) C 99) B 149)     C                    199)    B
50) A 100) B 150)     C                    200)

SİNTİNE SEPERATORLERI VE LİMAN DEVLETİ KONTROLLERİ;

SİNTİNE SEPERATORLERI VE LİMAN DEVLETİ
KONTROLLERİ;

Deniz kirliligini önleme konvansiyonuna göre 400 GT dan büyük tüm gemilerin sintine
seperatörü ile donatılması gerekmektedir. Deniz kirliligini önlemede bu cihazının nasıl bir
öneme sahip oldugu herkes tarafından bilinmektedir, Port state control denetimlerinde ortaya
çıkan ana tutuklama maddelerinden biri olan sintine seperatörlerinin dogru sekilde test
edilmesi ve her zaman operasyona hazır tutulması için yapılması gerekenleri genel hatları ile
sirket ve gemi çalısanları ile paylasmak istiyoruz, unutmamamız gereken sudur ki 2008 yılı
içerisinde yasanan tutulmaların %18 ‘ inde bu madde karsımıza çıkmıstır. Gemi
personelinin denetçilere karsı sürekli savundugu “Biz bu ekipmanı zaten kullanmıyoruz”
yaklasımı hiç bir otorite tarafından itibar görmemektedir.
Sintine suyu seperasyonu sintine seperatörünün içinde gravite farkı sebebiyle istenmeyen
yagların üst kısımda toplanması sayesinde olur, gemi zabitleri bu ekipmanı pek sık
kullanmadıkları ve yeterli asinalık olusmadıgı için denetimler esnasında sıkıntılar ortaya
çıkmaktadır, özellikle ilk intibanın uygun olmadıgı durumlarda denetçiler seperatör
kontrolünü daha detaylı olarak istemektedirler, asagıda sizlerle genel olarak ortaya çıkan
aksaklıkları , niçin olustuklarını, önlemek için neler yapabilecegimizi ve denetçileri ikna
edecek test konusunu paylasmak istiyoruz,

SINTINE SEPERATORLERI GENEL AKSAKLIKLAR

-Gemi personeli sistemi kullanmaya asina degil
-Yag okuyucu ünite çalısmıyor
-Otomatik durdurma donanımı çalısmıyor
-Besleme pompası çalısmıyor
-Üç yollu valften sonraki denize basma devresinde yag izleri var
-Legal olmayan devre baglantıları

NEDEN ?

-Gemi personeli sintine seperatörü operasyonuna asina degil
-Periyodik test ve bakım tutum kontrolleri yapılmıyor
-Gemi personeli testi sadece yag okuyucu ünite aktivasyonu olarak düsünüyor.

NE YAPMALIYIZ ?
-Asagıda belirtilen maddelerin sirket görevlileri tarafından yapılan rutin gemi kontrollerinde
tam olarak kontrol edilmesi ve seperatörün operasyonundan sorumlu gemi personelinin
ekipmanın operasyonuna tam olarak hakim olduguna emin olmak
-Sintine seperatörü tip onay sertifikası ve kullanıcı kitabını gemide bulundurmak
-Sintine seperatörü yakınında denize legal olmayan yaglı suların basılmasının yasak
oldugunu belirten dikkat çekici ebat ve renkte uyarı tabelasının asılı ya da yazılı olması
-Sintine seperatörü yanında kullanıcı talimatı ve devre seması bulundurmak
-Sintine seperatörü ve yag okuyucu ünitenin periyodik bakım ve testlerini imalatçının verdigi
aralıklarda ve yönlendirmelere göre yapmak
-Yüzeyde toplanan yagları algılayıcı sensörün ve harekete geçirdigi selenoid ya da pnömatik
valf grubunun çalıstıgına emin olmak , yag sensörü , yag okuyucu üniteden ayrı olarak
seperasyon çemberinin üzerine monte edilmistir
-Belirli aralıklarla sintine seperatörünün sökülerek temizliginin yapılması,
3
-Seperatörün tipine baglı olarak gerekiyorsa yedek filte bulundurmak
-Yag okuyucu ünitenin sıfır kalibrasyonunun belirli aralıklarla yapılması
-Denize basma devresinin temizlik kontrolü
-Test prosedürünün gerçek operasyonu temsil edecek sekilde yapılması
-Yag kayıt defterine uygun girislerin yapılması

NASIL BIR TEST ?

-Seperatör testi için gerekli olan valf düzeninin saglanması , denize basma valfinin tam olarak
kapalı oldugundan emin olmak
-Sintine kuyusu ya da sintine suyu toplama tanklarında pompa emisi için yeterli su olduguna
emin olmak, varsa deniz suyu istirak devresine baglamak,
-Gemide mevcut ise tanka sirkülasyon devresini açmak
-Deniz gidis devresindeki numune devresini açmak
-Sintine seperatör besleme pompasını çalıstırarak sisteme su geldiginden emin olmak
-Yag okuyucu ünitenin yüksek deger göstermesini saglamak (sintine seperatör tipine göre
potansiyometre ayarını degistirerek ya da optik sensöre ısık geçisini engelleyecek
muhtemelen temizlik fırçası sokularak yapılabilir)
-Sistem tipine göre üç yollu valf ya da çift selenoid valfli sistemlerde selenoid valflerin
pozisyon degistirerek numune hattındaki geçisin durarak sirkülasyon hattına geçisin
basladıgına emin olmak, bu esnada denize gidis devresindeki akısın tam olarak kesilmesi
gerekmektedir, bazı seperatörlerde bu operasyon pompanın durmasına da neden
olabilmektedir,
-Operasyon sonrasında tüm valflerin uygun pozisyona getirilmesi ve sistemin enerjisinin
kesilmesi.

Ters Ozmoz Sistemi Nedir?

Ters ozmoz teknolojisi, bilinen en hassas membran filtrasyon teknolojisidir. Atık suyun yeniden kullanılabilmesini sağlamak amacıyla, genellikle endüstriyel atık su arıtımında kullanılan çözünmüş anorganik ve organik maddelerin sudan uzaklaştırılması yada geri kazanılması amacıyla yüksek basınç uygulanan bir sistemdir.

Ters Ozmoz (TO) tekniği 1970'lerden bu yana dünyada kullanılmaktadır.İlk başlarda çok pahalı olduğundan yalnızca gemilerde deniz suyundan içme suyu elde edilmesi amacıyla kullanılan bu teknik, zaman içerisinde ucuzlayarak evlerimizde tezgah altına kadar girmiştir. Gelişen membran üretim teknikleri ile TO ile üretilen suyun maliyeti de çok azalmıştır.

Ters ozmoz işlemi esnasında, basınca ihtiyaç duyulur ve bu basınç bir pompa vasıtası ile sağlanır. Ters ozmoz ünitenin içereceği membran sayısı, membran tipi, uygulanacak basınç, geri kazanım oranı gibi bilgiler, ancak ham su karakterinin çok iyi analiz edilmesi ile elde edilebilir.

Alkolsüz içeceklerde ürünün % 80-90’nını su oluşturur ve suyun kalitesi son ürünü doğrudan etkiler.Bu kapsamda tesise gelen ham suyun üretimde kullanılabilecek kalitede suya hazırlanması gerekir.Su hazırlamanın iki amacı bulunur.Bunlardan ilki alkalinitenin kabul edilebilir seviyelere getirilmesidir.Alkalinite suyun aside nötralize kabiliyeti olup,mg/ litre CACO3 cinsinden ifade edilir.Diğeri ise ve toplam çözünmüş madde (TÇM) miktarının (mg/litre),özellikle klorit ve sülfat anyonlarının azaltılmasıdır.Bunların haricinde de çözünmüş organik maddeler ile her türlü katı maddeyi de sudan uzaklaştırmak gerekir.Alkalinite ve diğer inorganik maddeler söz konusu olduğunda,su basit olarak basit olarak ters yıkanabilir katmanlı kum filtresi ve devamında klorlama/ozonlama ile hazırlanabilir.Bu işlem suyu 5-10 mikron mertebelerine kadar filtrelemekle birlikte ,kum filtresi ,içinde zamanla oluşan mikroorganizmalar ve ters yıkama sırasında fazla miktarda su harcanması olumsuz yönleridir.

Filtrasyon amacıyla membranların kullanılması son yıllarda yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır.Bunlar üzerinde küçük gözenekler bulunan ,polimerik (plastik ) veya seramik yapıdadırlar. Katı maddelerin yanı sıra çözünmüş inorganik ve organik maddelerin büyük

bölümünü tutarlar.Temel olarak membran filtrasyon uygulanan basınç artışına bağlı olarak mikro filtrasyon (MF) , ultra filtrasyon (NF) , nano filtrasyon ( NF) ve ters ozmoz şeklinde sıralanır.

02. Ters Ozmoz Sisteminde Kullanılan Teknik Terimler

İyon: Suda çözünürken elektron almış veya elektron vermiş tabii bir mineral. Örnek, sofra tuzu (NaCl) suda çözündüğünde (Na +) ve (Cl -) iyonları oluşur.

Demineralize = Deiyonize : Su içinde bulunan mineralleri ve iyonları sudan ayırmak.. “Deiyonize su” veya “Demineralize su” minerallerden arınmış saf su.

Rejenerasyon: Kimyasal bir işlem yaparak iyon değiştirici reçineleri ilk durumuna getirmek, “yenilemek”.

İletkenlik: Suyun elektrik iletme kabiliyetidir. Çok kullanılan ölçü birimi "mikrosiemens/cm" ( S/cm) ve micromho. Su içinde çözünmüş mineral miktarı arttıkça suyun iletkenliği artar. Misal: su içinde yalnızca 100 mg/lt NaCl tuz varsa ve başkaca hiç bir çözünmüş madde yoksa bu suyun iletkenliği 212 mikrosiemens/cm'dir.

Toplam Çözünmüş Madde Miktarı: Su içinde çözünmüş halde bulunan minerallerin ağırlıklarının toplamıdır, mg/litre cinsinden ölçülür. Su içindeki çözünmüş madde miktarı çoğaldıkça suyun iletkenliği yükselir.

Toplam Sertlik: Su içinde çözünmüş halde bulunan Kalsiyum (Ca) ve Magnezyum (Mg) bileşiklerinin toplamıdır. Sertlik ülkemizde üç değişik birim ile ifade edilir: CaCO3 (kalsiyum karbonat) cinsinden mg/lt; Fransız sertliği (= 10 mg/lt CaCO3); Alman Sertliği (= 17,9 mg/lt CaCO3).

Toplam Alkalinite: Suyun asidi nötralize etme kabiliyetidir. Su içinde bulunan CO3, HCO3, ve OH ionlarının toplamıdır. Toplam Alkalinite mg/lt CaCO3 cinsinden ifade edilir.

pH: Suyun asidik olma durumunu ifade eder. pH değeri 0 ile 14 sayıları arasında olur. pH=7 nötr bir suyun sayısal değeridir. pH 0 ile 6,5 değeri arasında ise su “asidik”, pH değeri 8 ile 14 arasında ise su “bazik” veya “alkali” olarak nitelendirilir.

Çözünmüş Karbondioksit: Su içinde çözünmüş halde bulunan CO2 gazının mg/lt cinsinden miktarını belirler.

Membran: Tabiattaki canlılarda “zar” olarak adlandırılan, yarı geçirgen iki boyutlu biyolojik organın Ters Ozmoz sistemi içinde görevini yapan “sentetik zar”. Ters Ozmoz tekniğinin literatürdeki diğer adı “Membran Tekniği”dir.,

03. Ters Ozmoz Cihazının Gelişmesini Destekleyen Nedenler

Her gün yeni buluşlar yapılıyor ve patentler alınıyor. Ancak bu yeni buluşların hepsi de piyasada tutunmuyor. Ters ozmoz ile su saflaştırma tekniğinin dünya piyasasında tutunması ve hızlıca gelişmesinin en önemli sebepleri:

“SU Kalitesi”nin sanayide önem kazanması; Zenginleşen insanların tabiat şartlarını zorlayıp yeterli suyu olmayan deniz kenarlarında yaşamak ve bu yerlerde tatil yapmak istemeleri, deniz kenarlarında yerleşik olup da “Tatlı Su” kaynağı kısıtlı olan kentler ve oteller deniz suyundan içme ve kullanma suyu üretmek için TO sistemleri kuruyorlar. Bu sistemlerin sayısı gittikçe artmaktadır.

03.01. Sanayinin İhtiyacı için Su Kalitesinin Yükseltilmesi

Suyun kimyasal kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi, yani, su içinde çözünmüş halde bulunan minerallerin sudan alınması için çok yıllar önce “İyon Değiştirici Reçine Tekniği” geliştirilmiş. Bu teknik sayesinde, yalnız sanayi değil, yüksek basınçlı buhar kazanları ile çalışan eski gemilerin gelişmesi de sağlanmış. Bugün, bir çok tatbikatta reçineli iyon değiştirici yerine Ters ozmoz (TO) tekniği tercih ediliyor, çünkü TO, reçineli sistemlere kıyasla daha ekonomik ve daha çevrecidir.

İyon Değiştirici Reçinelerin Çalışma Prensibi :

Bugün her sanayi tesisinde bulunan ve “Su Yumuşatma Cihazı” olarak adlandırdığımız cihazlar da birer “İyon Değiştirici”dir. Bu cihazlar içinde de İyon Değiştirici Reçine bulunur. Sofra Tuzu, yani “NaCl” ile Rejenere edilen bu reçineler su içinde bulunan ve sertlik tabir edilen Kalsiyum (Ca) ve Magnezyum (Mg) iyonlarını sudan alır, bunların yerine, suya NaCl tuzu içindeki Sodyum (Na) iyonunu verir. Sonuçta, sudaki sertlik alınmış olur, fakat suyun Sodyum içeriği artmış olur, yani su saflaşmaz, suyun mineral miktarı değişmez ve suyun iletkenliği de değişmez, hatta bir miktar artar.

Dış görünüşü ile su yumuşatma cihazına benzeyen, fakat içinde başkaca reçineler bulunan, “Demineralize” veya “Deiyonize” cihazı olarak adlandırılan cihazlar ile suyun minerallerinden arındırılması mümkündür. Bu teknikte birbirinden çok farklı iki tür “iyon değiştirici” reçine kullanılır. “Katyonik Reçine” ile sudaki (+) yüklü iyonlar alınır ve yerine Asit (HCl) içinde bulunan (H+) iyonu verilir. “Anyonik Reçine” ile sudaki (-) yüklü iyonlar alınır ve yerine Kostik (NaOH) içinde bulunan (OH-) iyonu verilir. Bu işlem sonunda suya yüklenmiş olan (H+) ve (OH-) iyonlar kendi aralarında birleşip H₂O , yani SU molekülünü oluşturduklarından, sonuçta su minerallerden arınmış olur ve saf hale gelir.

İyon Değiştirici Reçineler ile çalışan sistemler halen kullanılmakla beraber bazı işletme sorunları vardır:

Uzun süren rejenerasyon süresi dolayısı ile, saf suyu sürekli elde etmek için her bir reçine tankından (yedekli olarak) iki adet kullanmak gerekir. Ayrıca, bu reçinelerin rejenerasyonu sırasında gereken asit ve kostik için sistemde ayrıca geniş hacimli tanklar bulundurulur. Bu tanklara ilave olarak, rejenerasyon sırasında çıkan atık suların toplanması için de geniş hacimli bir tank daha gerekir. Bu tankta toplanan atık suların pH nötralizasyonu gene bu tank içinde yapıldıktan sonra sular deşarj edilir. Bu nedenler ile Reçineli Demineralize sistemi çok hantaldır ve çok geniş yer tutar. Örneğin, gemilerde yer sıkıntısı olduğundan, gemi inşa kuruluşları reçineli sistem yerine daha az yer kaplayan TO sistemlerini tercih ederler.

Reçinelerin her rejenerasyonundan sonra, belli bir süre üretim suyu kalitesi bozulabilir. Bu da reçineli sistemlerin bir zayıflığıdır.

Reçinelerin rejenerasyonu için çok miktarda Asit ve Kostik kullanılır. İşte en büyük işletme sorunu bu kimyasallar ile yaşanır. Çünkü bu iki kimyasal insan ve çevre için çok zararlıdır. Bu iki kimyasalın satın alınması, satın alınırken kalitelerinin kontrolü, depolanması, işletmecilerin üzerine sıçraması ile meydana gelen deri yanmaları riski (bir dozaj pompasının kontrolu sırasında benim elim de asit ile yandı) bir çok işletme sorununu beraberinde getirir.

Çevre sorunu: Reçinelerin rejenerasyonu sırasında tonlarla asitli ve kostikli sular çıkar. Bu suları değil kanala, atık arıtma tesisine dahi gönderilmesi mümkün değildir. Bu suların önce bir pH dengeleme tankında toplanması, burada pH nötralizasyonu yapılması ve daha sonra atık arıtma tesisine gönderilmesi gerekir. Bu da sistemi hantallaştıran, çok yer tutmasına neden olan ve saf su üretim maliyetini yükselten bir sebeptir. Ayrıca, pH nötralizasyon tankının işletmesinde de dozaj sistemleri ve otomasyon bulunur, bunların da bakımları sırasında işletmecinin deri yanığı riski gene mevcuttur.

İş Kanunlarının ve Sağlık kurallarının iyi çalıştığı ülkelerde asit ve kostik kullanılan iş yerlerinin Sigorta riskleri yüksek olmakta ve bu tür iş yerleri sigorta şirketlerine daha çok sigorta primi ödemektedirler.

Yukarıda değinilen işletme sorunları nedeni ile ters ozmoz (TO) cihazının icadından sonra başta A.B.D. olmak üzere, sanayi ülkelerinde tercih edilmiştir. Tabii ki, ilk icat edildiğinde TO cihazlarının fiyatları yüksek idi. Bu nedenle, bugün için negatif görünen yukarıdaki işletme sorunları TO'nun yüksek fiyatı ile karşılaştığında “idare edilir” sorunlar olarak kabul ediliyordu. Ancak, TO cihazları 1990 yılından bu yana ucuzladı, gelişen membran teknikleri ile TO ile üretilen suyun maliyeti de çok azaldı (içinde en çok 2000 mg/litre çözünmüş mineral bulunan bir kuyu suyundan TO ile elde edilen bir ton suyun maliyeti 0,20 - 0,30 Dolar mertebesindedir) . TO cihazlarının bugünkü fiyatları ve işletme maliyetleri çok düşüktür ve bu nedenle işletme riskleri ve işletme zorlukları olan reçineli sistemler yerine TO tercih ediliyor.

GEMI_ADAMLARI_ICIN_ISPS.pdf - 809 KB

GEMI_ADAMLARI_ICIN_ISPS.pdf - 809 KB

CNG Nedir ve Neden CNG Kullanmalıyız?

Neden CNG Kullanmalıyız ?

CNG yakıt olarak 650 C° 'de yanan bir gaz olup, patlama tehlikesi bulunmamaktadır. CO oranı % 0 olduğu için çevreye dost alternatif bir yakıttır.
Avrupa Birliği 'nin egzost emisyon standardı olan Euro5 'i işlem görmeden sağlayan tek yakıttır. Rezervi tükenmekte olan petrole karın 130 yıllık bilinen rezervi olan doğalgazın, konutlarda ve sanayide kullanımı dışında ulaştırma sektöründe de kullanılması alternatif yakıt olma özelliğini cazip hale getirmektedir. Diğer yandan ülkemizin sözleşmelerle satın almayı taahhüt ettiği ve parasını ödemekte olduğu doğalgazın, %30'nun kullanılabiliyor olması ülke ekonomisine çok büyük mali bir külfet getirmektedir.
Diğer Yakıtlarla Karşılaştırılması
CNG (SDG) benzinle çalışan araçlarda %60 - %70 oranında lpg ile çalışan araçlarda ise %30 daha tasarrufludur. Ayrıca istasyonlarda depolama yoktur. Motora hiç bir zararı olmayan CNG kullanımında ortalama 35-40 bin km. de bir yağ değişimi yapılmaktadır. Motor ömrünü uzatmaktadır.
Ülkemizin doğalgaz transferi açısından dünyada önemli bir konumu vardır. Bu nedenle yakın bir gelecekte doğalgazın hemen hemen her sektörde kullanılması ulaşım ve sanayide önemli oranda tasarruf sağlayacaktır.
Avantajları :

• Diğer yakıtlara göre ekonomiktir. Kullanıcının tasarrufu, aracın yakıt sarfiyatı ile bağlantılı olmakla birlikte, şu anda yurdumuzda doğalgaz, LPG' ye kıyasla %40 tasarruf sağlamaktadır.
• Çevreci bir yakıttır. Doğalgaz, egzoz emisyonu açısından havayı en az kirleten yakıttır. Bu özelliğinden dolayı, Avrupa Birliği yürürlüğü koyduğu yeni emisyon mevzuatına en uygun yakıt olarak; taşıtlarda doğalgaz kullanımını vergi indirimi ile teşvik etmektedir.
• Oktan sayısının yüksek olmasından dolayı motor yanma verimi daha yüksektir ve bu açıdan motora faydalı bir yakıttır.
• Doğalgazın tutuşma sıcaklığı 650 °C; benzininki ise 350 °C 'dir.
• Temiz bir yanma sağladığından motor yağı ömrünü uzatır.
• Benzinde olduğu gibi katkı maddeleri içermediğinden, yanma sonrası motorda daha az atık madde bırakır. Bu özelliğinden dolayı motor ömrünü uzatır.
• Motora direkt gaz olarak girdiğinden soğuk havalarda dahi kolayca yanar.
• CNG yıllardır ABD, İtalya, Arjantin ve Yeni Zelanda' da kullanılıp, benzine göre daha güvenli kabul ediliyor. Bunun 4 ana sebebi :
• Doğalgaz havadan daha hafif olduğu için bir sızıntı halinde diğer yakıtların (LPG, Benzin vs.) tersine hemen havaya karışır ve diğer yakıtlar gibi zeminde birikerek patlayıcı ve yanıcı bir ortam oluşturmaz.
• Doğalgazın parlama ısısı 700 santigrat derecedir. Bu sebeple parlama ısısı 455 derece olan petrole göre daha güvenlidir.
• Doğalgaz yanabilmesi için havaya %4 - %14 oranında karışmalıdır. Bu ise petrole kıyasla çok daha dar bir marj olduğundan daha güvenlidir.
• Doğalgaz tankları özel alaşımlar kullanılarak maksimum mukavemet için üretilir.

Şu an bazı ülkelerde mevcut kullanılan ve ileride daha yaygın bir hale gelecek olan "Evde Dolum" mümkündür. Yani aracın ihtiyacı olan gaz ev tesisatından temin edilebilecektir.